Nanomaterials are increasingly being integrated into textiles for sports and outdoorwear to enhance performance, durability and comfort. These materials typically measure around 100 nanometres or less and are applied in different formats such as nanofibers or nanocoatings to impart advanced properties onto textiles [1]. Types of nanomaterials being incorporated into textiles include carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and silica nanoparticles (SNPs).

Nanomaterials have been used to impart a wide range of benefits into sports and outdoor equipment such as increased durability, high strength and abrasion resistance [1]. For apparel, they also provide other important functionalities. For example, a key advantage of nanomaterials is their water-repellent and moisture-wicking capabilities, keeping athletes dry by preventing sweat from being absorbed while maintaining breathability [2]. This is crucial for outdoor activities, where athletes can be exposed to extreme weather conditions. Additionally, they can provide UV protection, shielding the skin from harmful sun exposure, as well as anti-microbial properties that prevent the build-up of odour-causing bacteria [3]. Nanomaterials can also offer improved stain resistance, making garments easier to clean and maintain.

For outdoor enthusiasts, these features improve comfort and longevity, reducing the need for frequent washing or replacement of gear. In high-performance sportswear,