Hydrogen is a critical component in the manufacture of thousands of common products from plastic to fertilizers, but producing pure hydrogen is expensive and energy intensive. Now, a research team at Princeton University has harnessed sunlight to isolate hydrogen from industrial wastewater.
In a paper published at the beginning of this year, in the journal Energy & Environmental Science, the researchers reported that their process doubled the currently accepted rate for scalable technologies that produce hydrogen by splitting water.
The technique uses a specially designed chamber with a ‘swiss-cheese’ black silicon interface to split water and isolate hydrogen gas. The process is aided by bacteria that generate electrical current when consuming organic matter in the wastewater; the current, in turn, aids the water splitting process.
The team, led by Zhiyong Jason Ren, professor of civil and environmental engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, chose wastewater from breweries for the test. They ran the wastewater through the chamber, used a lamp to simulate sunlight, and watched the organic compounds breakdown and the hydrogen bubble up.
The process "allows us to treat wastewater and simultaneously generate fuels," says Jing Gu, a co-researcher and assistant professor of chemistry and biochemistry at San Diego State University, California, US.
The researchers say the technology could appeal to refineries and chemical plants, which typically produce their own hydrogen from fossil fuels, and face high costs for cleaning wastewater, including textile manufacturing facilities such as dyehouses.
Historically, hydrogen production has relied on oil, gas or coal, and an energy-intensive method that involves processing the hydrocarbon stock with steam. Chemical manufacturers then combine the hydrogen gas with carbon or nitrogen to create high-value chemicals, such as methanol and ammonia. The two are ingredients in synthetic fibres, fertilizer, plastics and cleaning products, among other everyday goods.
Although hydrogen can be used as a vehicle fuel, the chemical industry is currently the largest producer and consumer of hydrogen. Producing chemicals in highly industrialised countries requires more energy than producing iron, steel, metals and food, according to a 2016 report from the US Energy Information Administration. The report estimates that producing basic chemicals will continue to be the top industrial consumer of energy over the next two decades.
"It's a win-win situation for chemical and other industries," says Lu Lu, the first author on the study and an associate research scholar at the Andlinger Center. "They can save on wastewater treatment and save on their energy use through this hydrogen-creation process."
According to the researchers, this is the first-time actual wastewater, not lab-made solutions, has been used to produce hydrogen using photocatalysis. The team produced the gas continuously over four days until the wastewater ran out, which is significant, the researchers say, because comparable systems that produce chemicals from water have historically failed after a couple hours of use. The researchers measured the hydrogen production by monitoring the amount of electrons produced by the bacteria, which directly correlates to the amount of hydrogen produced. The measurement was at the high end for similar lab experiments and, Ren says, twice as high as technologies with the potential to scale for industrial use.
Ren says he sees this technology as scalable because the chamber used to isolate the hydrogen is modular, and several can be stacked to process more wastewater and produce more hydrogen.
Though a lifecycle analysis has not yet been done, the researchers say the process will at least be energy neutral, if not energy positive, and eliminates the need for fossil fuels to create hydrogen.
The researchers add that they will likely experiment with producing larger amounts of hydrogen and other gases in the future and look forward to moving this technology to industry.
The textile industry is one of the largest global polluters when it comes to wastewater. And there is increasing pressure, especially in China, for manufacturers to reduce the amount of wastewater they create, with governments raising the duties on it. It will be interesting to see whether this technology can be utilised in the textile industry in the future.
